تحقیقات کاربردی علوم جغرافیایی

تحقیقات کاربردی علوم جغرافیایی

شناسایی و تحلیل اثرات مهاجرت های بازگشتی بر بازساخت سکونتگاه‌های روستایی(مطالعه موردی: شهرستان نیشابور)

نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکتری، جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی دکتر شریعتی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران.
2 استادیار جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی دکتر شریعتی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران .
چکیده
مهاجرت بازگشتی واکنشی نسبت به ایجاد جذابیت در مناطق روستایی قلمداد می‌شود، این نوع مهاجرت می‌تواند اثرات متنوع و متعددی بر بازساخت نواحی روستایی داشته‌باشد. هدف مطالعه حاضر شناسایی و تحلیل اثرات مهاجرت‌های بازگشتی بر بازساخت سکونتگاه‌های روستایی شهرستان نیشابور است. روش تحقیق توصیفی- تحلیلی از نوع پیمایشی مبتنی بر پرسشنامه بوده است. در این مطالعه تعداد 37 روستا در شهرستان نیشابور که دارای مهاجران بازگشتی بودند، مورد بررسی قرار گرفت و 55 اثر مهاجران بازگشتی بر بازساخت نواحی روستایی شناسایی گردید که ضریب آلفای کرونباخ 0.942 بیانگر پایایی مطلوب ابزار تحقیق می باشد. شاخص ها ذیل سه بعد اجتماعی با 18 شاخص(α=0.925)، اقتصادی با 21 شاخص (α=0.891) و کالبدی- محیطی با 16 شاخص (α=0.852) بررسی شد. از آنجا که بر اساس آزمون تی تفاوت میانگین ابعاد سه گانه بجز در بعد اجتماعی معنی دار نشد، از تحلیل عاملی اکتشافی استفاده گردید. نتایج نشان داد که 55 اثر شناسایی شده مهاجرت بازگشتی را می توان ذیل 14 اثر اصلی با 78.79 درصد واریانس قرار داد. بر این اساس به ترتیب 1- افزایش انسجام و همبستگی بین اهالی با 25.21 درصد واریانس، 2- بهبود زیرساختهای خدماتی و رفاهی با 10.52، 3- رونق اقتصاد روستایی با 7، 4- فعال سازی ظرفیت ها با 5.4، 5- توسعه فعالیت های غیرکشاورزی با 5 درصد واریانس به ترتیب مهمترین تاثیرات مهاجرت بازگشتی در بازساخت سکونتگاه­های روستایی هستند.
کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله English

Identifying and Analyzing the Impacts of Return Migration on the Reconstruction of Rural Settlements (Case Study: Neyshabour County)

نویسندگان English

zahra soleymani 1
maryam ghasemi 2
1 PhD Candidate, Geography and Rural Planning, Dr. Shariati Faculty of Letters Humanities, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
2 Assistant Professor, Dr. Shariati Faculty of Letters Humanities, Geography and Rural Planning, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
چکیده English

Return migration is a reaction to the attractiveness of rural areas. This type of migration can have many and varied effects on rural area reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the effects of return migration on the reconstruction of rural settlements in Neyshabur. The research method is descriptive-analytic and a questionnaire based. In this study, 37 villages in Neyshabur that had returning migrants were surveyed. And 55 effects of returning migrants on rural areas reconstruction were identified, that the Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.942 indicates the optimal reliability of the research instrument. The indices were evaluated under three social dimensions with 18 indices (α = 0.925), economic with 21 indices (α = 0.891) and physical-environmental with 16 indices (α = 0.852). Exploratory factor analysis was used because t-test showed that there isn't significant difference between the three dimensions except social dimension. The results showed that 55 effects identified return migration can be classified as 14 main effects with 78.79% variance. Accordingly, 1- increasing cohesion and solidarity among residents with 25.21% of variance, 2- improving service and welfare infrastructure with10.52% of variance, 3- boosting rural economy with7% of variance, 4- activating of capacities with 5.4% of variance, 5- developing Non-farming activities with 5% variance are the most important effects of return migration on the reconstruction of rural settlements.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Return Migration
Reconstruction
Rural Settlements
Neyshabour County
Abramitzky, R., Boustan, L., & Eriksson, K. (2019). To the new world and back again: Return migrants in the age of mass migration, ILR Review, 72(2): 300-322.‌ https://doi.org/10.1177/0019793917726981
Afrakhteh, H., Manafiazar, R., Valae, M. (2016). Spatial Impacts of Retern Migration in Miandoab County, Journal of Rural Research and Planning, 5 (1), 98-83 [In Persian].
Alarcón, S., & Ordóñez, J. (2015). Ecuador: return from migration and entrepreneurship in Loja, CEPAL Review, 117, 65-81.
Amanpour, S. (2018). Identification and Prioritization of Factors Affecting the Formation of Return Migration (Case Study: Dezful City Central), Geography and Urban-Regional Planning, 2, 37-60 [In Persian].
Andersen, L. E. (2002). Rural-Urban migration in Bolivia: Advantages and disadvantages, Universidad Catholic Boliviana, Lapaz, Bolivia. (No. 05/02). Documento de Trabajo.‌
assarino J. P. (2008). Conditions of Modern Return Migrants – Editorial Introduction, International Jour-nal on Multicultural Societies, 10(2): 95–105. https://doi.org/10.1.1.615.980
Bucheli, J. R., Fontenla, M., & Waddell, B. J. (2019). Return migration and violence, World Development, 116, 113-124.‌
Cassarino J. P. (2004). Theorising Return Migration: The Conceptual Approach to Return Migrants Revisit-ed, International Journal on Multicultural Societies, 6(2): 253–279. https://ssrn.com/abstract=1730637
Chen, H., & Wang, X. (2019). Exploring the relationship between rural village characteristics and Chinese return migrants' participation in farming: Path dependence in rural employment, Cities, 88, 136-143.‌ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.01.016
Constant, A. F, Nottmeyer, O., & Zimmermann, K. F.(2013). The economics of circular migration. In: International handbook on the economics of migration (p. 55).
Docquier, F., Rapoport, H., & Salomone, S. (2012). Remittances, migrants' education and immigration policy: Theory and evidence from bilateral data, Regional Science and Urban Economics, 42(5): 817-828.‌ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2011.10.005
Farrell M., Mahon M, McDonagh J. (2012). The Rural as a Return Migration Destination, European Countryside, 4(1): 31–44. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10091-012-0012-9
Farrell, M., Kairytė, E., Nienaber, B., McDonagh, J., & Mahon, M. (2014). Rural return migration: Comparative analysis between Ireland and Lithuania, Central and Eastern European Migration Review, 3(2), 127-149.‌
Ghasemi, M., Javan, J., Saberi, Z. (2014). An Analysis of the Causes of Reverse Migration Formation in Rural Areas of Binalood County, Journal of Arid Regions Geographic Studies, 4 (16), 15-27 [In Persian].
Hausmann, R., & Nedelkoska, L. (2018). Welcome home in a crisis: Effects of return migration on the non-migrants' wages and employment, European Economic Review, 101, 101-132.‌ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2017.10.003
Hirvonen, K., & Lilleør, H. B. (2015). Going back home: internal return migration in rural Tanzania, World Development, 70, 186-202.‌ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.01.007
Hoggart, K., & Paniagua, A. (2001). What rural restructuring?, Journal of rural studies, 17(1): 41-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0743-0167(00)00036-X
https://doi.org/10.1111/ruso.12024
Hunter A. (2010). Theory and Practice of Return Migration at Retirement: the Case of Migrant Worker Hos-tel Residents in France, Population, Space and Place, 17(2): 179–192. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.610
Karimzadeh, M. (2014). Spatial Explanation of Resettlement Strategies Affecting Agricultural Reconstruction in Earthquake-hit Villages Case Study: Zirkoh Village, MSc, and Supervisor: Ali Hajinejad, Sistan and Baluchestan University. Zahedan [In Persian].
Katz, E., & Stark, O. (1984). Migration and asymmetric information: Comment, American Economic Review, 74(3): 533–534. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-8282%2819840 ... O%3B2-U&origin=repec
Kubat D. (1984). The Politics of Return. International Return Migration in Europe, Proceedings of the First European Conference on International Return Migration, Rome, 11–14 November 1981. New York: Centre for Migration Studies.
Kureková, L. M., & Žilinčíková, Z. (2018). What is the value of foreign work experience for young return migrants?, International Journal of Manpower, 39(1): 71-92.‌ https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-04-2016-0091
Levering, J. (1989). The restructuring debate, New models in geography, 1, 198.
Lu, Y., & Qin, L. (2014). Healthy migrant and salmon bias hypotheses: a study of health and internal migration in China, Social science & medicine, 102, 41-48.‌ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.11.040
Manafizar, R., Abdollahi, A., Alizadeh, T., Velae, M., Ghasemi Ardehae. (2016). Retern Migration and its Consequences on Rural Settlements (Case Study: Barogh Section of Miandoab County), Human Settlement Planning Studies, 12 (1), 173-192 [In Persian].
Mohajerani, A. A., Rosta, Z. (2014). Investigation of Reverse Migration and its Impact on Economic, Social Development and Cultural and Political Changes in Villages of Tonekabon and Ramsar Townships, Mazandaran Province 2011-2006, Journal of Urban Sociological Studies, University of Dehaghan, 5 (13), 194-167 [In Persian].
Morse, C. (2017). The emotional geographies of global return migration to Vermont, Emotion, Space and Society, 25, 14-21.‌ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emospa.2017.09.007
Motiei Langroodi, H., Ghadiri Masoum, M., Rezvani, M. R., Nazari, A., Sahneh, B. (2011). The Impact of Migrants' Return to the Villages in Improving the Livelihoods of Residents (Case Study: Agh ghala City), Human Geography Research, 78, 67-83 [In Persian].
Okpara, E., Okali, D. & Olawoye, J. (2001). The Case of Aba and its Region, Southeastern Nigeria, Working Paper Series on Rural-Urban Interactions and Livelihood Strategies, Working Paper 4, Human Settlements Programmed IIED, 3 End Sleigh Street, London, WC1H 0DD.
Phillips, J. L., & Potter, R. B. (2003). Social dynamics of foreign-born and young returning nationals to the Caribbean: a review of the literature. Department of Geography, University of Reading.‌
Potts, D. (2010). Circular migration in Zimbabwe & contemporary SubSaharan Africa. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell & Brewer.
President Planning Adjutancy and Strategic Supervision, (2010) [In Persian].
Rabbani, R., Taheri, Z., Rosta, Z. (2011). Investigating the Causes of Reverse Migration Motivations and their Impact on Socio-Economic Development (Case Study of Rural Migrants in Tonekabon and Ramsar), Urban Research and Planning Journal, 2 (5), 83-108 [In Persian].
Shokoui, H. (2007). New Thoughts in the Philosophy of Geography, Volume I, Third Edition, Publication: Gitashenasy [In Persian].
Skeldon, R. (2012). Going round in circles: Circular migration, poverty alleviation and marginality, International Migration, 50(3): 43–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2012.00751.x
Smoliner S., Förschner M., Hochgerner J., Nová J. (2013). Comparative Report on Re-Migration Trends in Central and Eastern Europe, in: T. Lang. (ed.), Return Migration in Central Europe: Current Trends and an Analysis of Policies Supporting Returning Migrants, pp. 11–57. IfL Forum 21. Leipzig: Leibniz-Institut für Länderkunde.
Stark, O., & Byra, L. (2012). A back-door brain drain, Economics Letters, 116(3): 273–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2012.03.002
Stockdale, A., & Catney, G. (2014). A life course perspective on urban–rural migration: The importance of the local context, Population, Space and Place, 20(1): 83-98.‌ https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.1758
Vega, L. A. A. (2014). Return migration from the United States to rural areas of Campeche and Tabasco, Migraciones Internacionales, 7(4): 101-135.‌
Von Reichert, C., Cromartie, J. B., & Arthun, R. O. (2014). Impacts of Return Migration on R ural US Communities, Rural Sociology, 79(2): 200-226.‌
Waddell, B. J., & Fontenla, M. (2015). The Mexican Dream? The effect of return migrants on hometown development, The Social Science Journal, 52(3): 386-396.‌ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2015.02.003
Wahba, J., & Zenou, Y. (2012). Out of sight, out of mind: Migration, entrepreneurship and social capital, Regional Science and Urban Economics, 42(5): 890-903.‌ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2012.04.007
Wang, W. W., & Fan, C. C. (2006). Success or failure: selectivity and reasons of return migration in Sichuan and Anhui, China, Environment and Planning, 38(5): 939-958.‌ https://doi.org/10.1068/a37428
Wang, Z. C., Yang, W. G. (2013)."Self-employment or wage-employment? On the occupational choice of return migration in rural China", China Agricultural Economic Review, 5(2): 231 – 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17561371311331115
Yu, L., Yin, X., Zheng, X., & Li, W. (2017). Lose to win: entrepreneurship of returned migrants in China, The Annals of Regional Science, 58(2): 341-374.‌ https://doi.org /10.1007/s00168-016-0787-0
Zaiceva, A., & Zimmermann, K. F. (2016). Returning home at times of trouble? Return migration of EU enlargement migrants during the crisis, In Labor migration, EU enlargement, and the great recession (pp. 397-418). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org /10.1007/978-3-662-45320-9_16 ‌
Zhao, Y. (2002). Causes and consequences of return migration: recent evidence from Chin, Journal of Comparative Economics, 30(2): 376-394.‌ https://doi.org/10.1006/jcec.2002.1781