دوره ۲۵، شماره ۷۹ - ( ۱۰-۱۴۰۴ )
جلد ۲۵ شماره ۷۹ صفحات ۰دوره۰فصل__Se |
برگشت به فهرست نسخه ها
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Fakhari S. (2025). Investigating the local community's awareness of supporting the development of ecotourism case: Damavand city. jgs. 25(79),
URL: http://jgs.khu.ac.ir/article-1-4307-fa.html
URL: http://jgs.khu.ac.ir/article-1-4307-fa.html
فخاری سعیده. بررسی آگاهی جامعه محلی نسبت به حمایت از توسعه اکوتوریسم مورد: شهر دماوند تحقیقات کاربردی علوم جغرافیایی ۱۴۰۴; ۲۵ (۷۹)
دانشگاه خوارزمی، s.fakhari@khu.ac.ir ، s.fakhari@khu.ac.ir
چکیده: (۳۵۳۶ مشاهده)
بررسی آگاهی جامعه محلی نسبت به توسعه اکوتوریسم برای برنامه ریزی آینده بسیار مهم و ضروری است. اکوتوریسم در هر منطقه ای بر الگوی زندگی افراد بومی و شرایط اقتصادی - فرهنگی آنها تاثیر می گذارد. در مقابل، اکوتوریستها نیز تحت تاثیر فرهنگ جامعه میزبان و ارزش های موجود در آن قرار می گیرند. از این رو، این مطالعه به بررسی آگاهی جامعه محلی نسبت به حمایت از توسعه اکوتوریسم در شهر دماوند می پردازد. به دلیل حفظ تنوع زیستی منحصر به فرد، شرایط اقلیمی و بازدید فراوان گردشگران و اکوتوریستها از این منطقه، جامعه محلی نیازمند آگاهی از اکوتوریسم می باشد، که ضرورت انجام این پژوهش را موجب گشته است. جامعه هدف این مطالعه جامعه محلی ساکنان شهر دماوند است. براین اساس، داده ها ازطریق یک پرسشنامه محقق ساخته گردآوری شدکه برای تعیین روایی آن علاوه برنظرخواهی از متخصصان(روایی صوری)، از روایی همگرا استفاده شد. به منظور محاسبه پایایی آن ازروش آلفای کرونباخ و پایایی ترکیبی بهره گرفته شد. یافته های حاصل آمار استنباطی که بااستفاده ازتحلیل عاملی تأییدی) نرم افزار Smart PLS ( انجام پذیرفت، نشان دادکه چهار مولفه پژوهش (آگاهی جامعه محلی، فقر اقتصادی، فقر فرهنگی و توسعه اکوتوریسم) دارای همگنی و پایایی مورد تایید است و آگاهی جامعه محلی بر توسعه اکوتوریسم با نقش میانجی فقر فرهنگی با مقدار آماره آزمون 195/4 و فقر اقتصادی با مقدار آماره آزمون 397/5 رابطه معنی داری دارد. نتایج نشان داد، آگاهی جامعه محلی بر توسعه اکوتوریسم با مقدار آماره آزمون 032/2 نشان دهنده ی پایین بودن سطح آگاهی جامعه محلی نسبت به توسعه اکوتوریسم است.
نوع مطالعه: پژوهشي |
موضوع مقاله:
برنامه ریزی توریسم
فهرست منابع
1. Abdul-Kadri, Y., Samuel, A., & Abdullah, A. (2022). Sustainable eco-tourism in Ghana: An assessment of environmental and economic impacts in selected sites in the Upper East Region. Journal of Geography and Regional Planning, 15(2), 18-30. [DOI:10.5897/JGRP2022.0853]
2. Aciksoz, S., Bollukcu, P., & Celik, D. (2016). Ecotourism and ethics in protected areas: Bartin-Sogutlu village. Oxidation Communications, 39(4-II), 3621-3636.
3. Aini, W., Padang, B., & Aini, W. (2021). Digital Press Social Sciences and Humanities Public Awareness of Eco-Tourism Conservation in Air Manis Beach Padang Proceeding of Non-Formal Education International Seminar 2021 Public Awareness of Eco-Tourism Conservation in Air Manis. [DOI:10.29037/digitalpress.47411]
4. Allen, L. R., Hafer, H. R., Long, P. T., & Perdue, R. R. (1993). Rural residents' attitude toward recreation and tourism development. Journal of Travel Research. Journal of Travel Research, 31(4), 27-33. [DOI:10.1177/004728759303100405]
5. Andarani, P., Lestari, D. F., Rezagama, A., & Sariffuddin, S. (2018). Sustainable Ecotourism Development based on Participatory Rural Appraisal: A Case Study of Thekelan Village, Central Java, Indonesia. In W. B., Hadiyanto, & Maryono (Eds.), 3rd International Conference on Energy, Environmental and Information System, ICENIS 2018 (Vol. 73). EDP Sciences. [DOI:10.1051/e3sconf/20187302019]
6. Angessa, A. T., Lemma, B., Yeshitela, K., & Endrias, M. (2022). Community perceptions towards the impacts of ecotourism development in the central highlands of Ethiopia: the case of Lake Wanchi and its adjacent landscapes. Heliyon, 8(2), e08924. [DOI:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08924] [PMID] []
7. Anup, K. C., Rijal, K., & Sapkota, R. P. (2015a). Role of ecotourism in environmental conservation and socioeconomic development in Annapurna conservation area, Nepal. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology, 22(3), 251-258. [DOI:10.1080/13504509.2015.1005721]
8. Anup, K. C., Rijal, K., & Sapkota, R. P. (2015b). Role of ecotourism in environmental conservation and socioeconomic development in Annapurna conservation area, Nepal. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology, 22(3), 251-258. [DOI:10.1080/13504509.2015.1005721]
9. Ardakani, F. A., & Zahedi, S. (2022). Analysis of Causal Relationships between Factors Affecting Ecotourism Development Using a Fuzzy DEMATEL Approach, Case Study: Yazd City. 13(2). [DOI:10.30473/grup.2022.55332.2555(in Persian)]
10. Bai, K., Wang, H., Wang, R., Saddam, H., & Pei, L. (2023). Tourism and Hospitality A Review of Research on Ecotourism Poverty Alleviation in China. 12(1000516). [DOI:10.35248/2167-0269.22.12.516]
11. Becker, J. M., Klein, K., & Wetzels, M. (2012). Hierarchical Latent Variable Models in PLS-SEM: Guidelines for Using Reflective-Formative Type Models. Long Range Planning, 45(5-6), 359-394. [DOI:10.1016/j.lrp.2012.10.001]
12. Bhatta, K. D. (2019). Exploring Socio-cultural Impacts of Ecotourism in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. Journal of Engineering Technology and Planning, 1(December 2019), 55-74. [DOI:10.3126/joetp.v1i0.38245]
13. Bhatta, L. D., Udas, E., Khan, B., Ajmal, A., Amir, R., & Ranabhat, S. (2020). Local knowledge based perceptions on climate change and its impacts in the Rakaposhi valley of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 12(2), 222-237. [DOI:10.1108/IJCCSM-05-2019-0024]
14. Bilan, Y., Mishchuk, H., Samoliuk, N., & Yurchyk, H. (2020). Impact of Income Distribution on Social and Economic Well-Being of the State. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(1), 1-15. [DOI:10.3390/su12010429]
15. Bo, D. (2014). Community-based ecotourism to meet the new tourist ' s expectations : an exploratory study Am ' Community-Based Ecotourism to Meet the New Tourist ' s Expectations : An Exploratory Study Amélie Fiorello.
16. Cheung, L. T. O., & Jim, C. Y. (2013). Ecotourism service preference and management in Hong Kong. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology, 20(2), 182-194. [DOI:10.1080/13504509.2013.775192]
17. Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modelling. In Marcoulides G. A. (Ed.). Modern Methods for Business Research, 295(2), 295-336.
18. Chirenje, L. I. (2017). Contribution of ecotourism to poverty alleviation in Nyanga, Zimbabwe. Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment, 15(2), 87-92. [DOI:10.1080/10042857.2017.1319172]
19. Christ, C., Hilleli, O., Matus, S., & Sweeting, J. (2003). Tourism And Biodiversity Mapping Tourism Global Footprint.
20. Clifton, J., & Benson, A. (2006). Planning for sustainable ecotourism: The case for research ecotourism in developing country destinations. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 14(3), 238-254. [DOI:10.1080/09669580608669057]
21. Cohen, M., & Silva, J. F. da. (2010). Evaluation of collaborative strategies for ecotourism and recreational activities in natural parks of Rio de Janeiro. Revista de Administração Pública, 44(5), 1097-1123.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-76122010000500005 [DOI:10.1590/s0034-76122010000500005]
22. Cole, S. (2006). Information and empowerment: The keys to achieving sustainable tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 14(6), 629-644. [DOI:10.2167/jost607.0]
23. Fakhari, S., & Saberi, M. (2021). Geomorphological risks in geotrails (case study: Damavand region). Quarterly Journal of Geographical Studies of Mountainous Regions, 4(2717-2325), 57-75. (in Persian)
24. Fennell, D. A. (2020). Ecotourism: Fifth edition. In Ecotourism: Fifth Edition. Taylor and Francis. [DOI:10.4324/9780429346293]
25. Fennell, D., & Markwell, K. (2015). Ethical and sustainability dimensions of foodservice in Australian ecotourism businesses. Journal of Ecotourism, 14(1), 48-63. [DOI:10.1080/14724049.2015.1080716]
26. Francesco Pastore, Allan Webster, K. H. (2020). DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES Assessing the Role of Women in Tourism Related Sectors in the Caribbean Assessing the Role of Women in Tourism Related Sectors in the Caribbean. Iza, 13486. [DOI:10.2139/ssrn.3654923]
27. García-Frapolli, E., Ayala-Orozco, B., Bonilla-Moheno, M., Espadas-Manrique, C., & Ramos-Fernández, G. (2007). Biodiversity conservation, traditional agriculture and ecotourism: Land cover/land use change projections for a natural protected area in the northeastern Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Landscape and Urban Planning, 83(2-3), 137-153. [DOI:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.03.007]
28. Garrod, B. (2003). Local participation in the planning and management of ecotourism: A revised model approach. Journal of Ecotourism, 2(1), 33-53. [DOI:10.1080/14724040308668132]
29. Ghaderi, Z., Aslani, E., Beal, L., & Pour, M. D. (2022). Crisis-resilience of small-scale tourism businesses in the pandemic era : the case of Yazd World Heritage Site , Iran.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2022.2119519 [DOI:10.1080/02508281.2022.2119519(in Persian)]
30. Hall, M. ., & Lew, A. . (1999). Sustainable tourism: a geographical perspective. Choice Reviews Online, 36(05), 36-2893-36-2893. [DOI:10.5860/CHOICE.36-2893]
31. Headrick, T. C., & Sheng, Y. (2013). A Proposed Measure of Internal Consistency Reliability: Coefficient L-Alpha. Behaviormetrika, 40(1), 57-68. [DOI:10.2333/bhmk.40.57]
32. Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. Advances in International Marketing, 20(January), 277-319. [DOI:10.1108/S1474-7979(2009)0000020014]
33. Higham, J. (2007). Ecotourism: Competing and conflicting schools of thought. Critical Issues in Ecotourism, 1-18. [DOI:10.4324/9780080488608-8]
34. Huzain, A. F., Saifudin, W., & Ahmad, N. Y. (2022). Community Readiness in the Implementation of Local Tourism Village in Alas Sumur Bondowoso. Proceedings of the 3rd International Media Conference 2021 (IMC 2021), 672(Imc 2021), 213-218. [DOI:10.2991/assehr.k.220705.022]
35. Imani, B., & Alavi, S. (2022). An Analysis of the Infrastructure for the Development of Rural Ecotourism in Ardabil Province. Journal of Research and Rural Planning, 11(4), 73-98. [DOI:10.22067/JRRP.V11I4.2207.1053]
36. Jalani, J. O. (2012). Local People's Perception on the Impacts and Importance of Ecotourism in Sabang, Palawan, Philippines. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 57, 247-254. [DOI:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.1182]
37. KC, B. (2021). Ecotourism for wildlife conservation and sustainable livelihood via community-based homestay: a formula to success or a quagmire? Current Issues in Tourism, 24(9), 1227-1243. [DOI:10.1080/13683500.2020.1772206]
38. Khoshkam, M., Marzuki, A., & Al-Mulali, U. (2016). Socio-demographic effects on Anzali wetland tourism development. Tourism Management, 54(June 2021), 96-106. [DOI:10.1016/j.tourman.2015.10.012]
39. Kia, Z. (2021). Ecotourism in Indonesia: Local Community Involvement and The Affecting Factors. Journal of Governance and Public Policy, 8(2), LAYOUTING. [DOI:10.18196/jgpp.v8i2.10789]
40. Kusumoarto, A., Gunawan, A., Machfud, & Hikmat, A. (2022). Analysis of Potential Objects for Ecotourism Development Based on Landscape Character in the Gunung Pongkor Post-Mining Area Through Expert Judgement. In H. A.A. (Ed.), 6th International Symposium of Sustainable Landscape Development, ISSLD 2021 (Vol. 1092, Issue 1). Institute of Physics. [DOI:10.1088/1755-1315/1092/1/012019]
41. Ladkin, A., Mooney, S., Solnet, D., Baum, T., Robinson, R., & Yan, H. (2023). A review of research into tourism work and employment: Launching the annals of tourism research curated collection on tourism work and employment. Annals of Tourism Research, 100, 103554. [DOI:10.1016/j.annals.2023.103554]
42. Lama, M., Mandal, R. A., & Kandel, P. (2019). Effects of Ecotourism on Land Use Land Cover Dynamics: A Study from Shivapuri Watershed. Agricultural Research & Technology: Open Access Journal, 19(4).
https://doi.org/10.19080/ARTOAJ.2019.19.556105 [DOI:10.19080/artoaj.2019.19.556105]
43. Liu, Z. (2003). Sustainable tourism development: A critique. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 11(6), 459-475. [DOI:10.1080/09669580308667216]
44. Ma, B., Yin, R., Zheng, J., Wen, Y., & Hou, Y. (2019). Estimating the social and ecological impact of community-based ecotourism in giant panda habitats. Journal of Environmental Management, 250. [DOI:10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109506] [PMID]
45. Makian, S., & Hanifezadeh, F. (2021). Current challenges facing ecotourism development in Iran. Journal of Tourismology, 7(1), 123-140. [DOI:10.26650/jot.2021.7.1.0007]
46. Makindi, S. M. (2016). Local communities , biodiversity conservation and ecotourism : a case study of the Kimana Community Wildlife Sanctuary , Kenya. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 5(3), 1-15.
47. Martínez Quintana, V. (2021). Eco-Cultural Tourism: Sustainable Development and Promotion of Natural and Cultural Heritage. Tourism, October. [DOI:10.5772/intechopen.93897]
48. Mnini, P., & Ramoroka, T. (2020a). Challenges of Ecotourism and Poverty Alleviation in South Africa. International Journal of Economics and Finance Studies, 12(2), 321-334. [DOI:10.34109/ijefs.202012205]
49. Mnini, P., & Ramoroka, T. (2020b). CHALLENGES OF ECOTOURISM AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN SOUTH AFRICA. International Journal of Economics and Finance Studies, 12(2), 321-334. [DOI:10.34109/ijefs.202012205]
50. Morrow, J. S. (2021). Environmental Awareness in Ecotourism Destination Management in Mount Aso, Kumamoto, Japan. International Journal of Research in Tourism and Hospitality, 7(1), 1-8. [DOI:10.20431/2455-0043.0701001]
51. Moswete, N., & Thapa, B. (2015). Factors that influence support for community-based ecotourism in the rural communities adjacent to the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, Botswana. Journal of Ecotourism, 14(2-3), 243-263. [DOI:10.1080/14724049.2015.1051537]
52. Nason, V., & Nyakiba, P. N. (2018). Building the capacity of local communities to enhance the sustainability of community-based tourism: The case of OLGULULUUI GROUP RANCH. Kajia Province, Kenya, 2(05).
53. Nekouie-Sadry, B. (2009). Fundamentals of Geotourism With a Special Emphasis on Iran. 184-186. (in Persian)
54. Nepal, S. K. (2016). Tourism and change in Nepal's Mt Everest region. Mountain Tourism: Experiences, Communities, Environments and Sustainable Futures, February, 270-279. [DOI:10.1079/9781780644608.0270]
55. Nheta, D. S., Madzunye, T., & Tshipala, N. (2017). Profile of ecotourists within the Capricorn District Municipality, South Africa. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 6(4), 1-20.
56. Ocampo, L., Ebisa, J. A., Ombe, J., & Geen Escoto, M. (2018). Sustainable ecotourism indicators with fuzzy Delphi method - A Philippine perspective. Ecological Indicators, 93, 874-888. [DOI:10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.05.060]
57. Panta, S. K., & Thapa, B. (2018). Entrepreneurship and women's empowerment in gateway communities of Bardia National Park, Nepal. Journal of Ecotourism, 17(1), 20-42. [DOI:10.1080/14724049.2017.1299743]
58. Phelan, A., Ruhanen, L., & Mair, J. (2020a). Ecosystem services approach for community-based ecotourism: towards an equitable and sustainable blue economy. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(10), 1665-1685. [DOI:10.1080/09669582.2020.1747475]
59. Phelan, A., Ruhanen, L., & Mair, J. (2020b). Ecosystem services approach for community-based ecotourism: towards an equitable and sustainable blue economy. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(10), 1665-1685. [DOI:10.1080/09669582.2020.1747475]
60. Puczkó, L., & Rátz, T. (2000). Tourist and Resident Perceptions of the Physical Impacts of Tourism at Lake Balaton, Hungary: Issues for Sustainable Tourism Management. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 8(6), 458-478. [DOI:10.1080/09669580008667380]
61. Qin, R. J., & Leung, H. H. (2021). Becoming a traditional village: Heritage protection and livelihood transformation of a Chinese village. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(4), 1-28. [DOI:10.3390/su13042331]
62. Ramchurjee, N. A. (2013). Impacts of ecotourism in Rajiv Gandhi National Park (Nagarhole), Karnataka. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 15(6), 1517-1525. [DOI:10.1007/s10668-013-9449-x]
63. Saberi, M., & Fakhari, S. (2022). Ecotourism with emphasis on the fractal model (Issue 1). (in Persian)
64. Salehi, S., Asl, A. M., & Abdoli, S. F. (2017). Ecotourism Development with an Emphasis on Local Communities' Participation (Case Study: The Village of Janat Rudbar, Ramsar County) Sadegh. Journal of Research and Rural Planning, 6(2383-2495), 185-201. [DOI:10.22067/jrrp.v5i4.62073(in Persian)]
65. Samal, R., & Dash, M. (2023). Ecotourism, biodiversity conservation and livelihoods: Understanding the convergence and divergence. International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks, 11(1), 1-20. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijgeop.2022.11.001]
66. Saufi, A., O'Brien, D., & Wilkins, H. (2014). Inhibitors to host community participation in sustainable tourism development in developing countries. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22(5), 801-820. [DOI:10.1080/09669582.2013.861468]
67. Scheyvens, R. (1999). Ecotourism and the empowerment of local communities. Tourism Management, 20(2), 245-249. [DOI:10.1016/S0261-5177(98)00069-7]
68. Scheyvens, R., Carr, A., Movono, A., Hughes, E., Higgins-Desbiolles, F., & Mika, J. P. (2021). Indigenous tourism and the sustainable development goals. Annals of Tourism Research, 90. [DOI:10.1016/j.annals.2021.103260]
69. Shakuna, K. S., Mohamad, N., & Ali, A. B. (2016). Modelling Professional Performance of Teachers' Scales in Libyan Schools. International Journal Of Management and Applied Research, 3(3), 120-129. [DOI:10.18646/2056.33.16-010]
70. Sharpley, R. (2014). Host perceptions of tourism: A review of the research. Tourism Management, 42, 37-49. [DOI:10.1016/j.tourman.2013.10.007]
71. Situmorang, D. B. M., & Mirzanti, I. R. (2012). Social Entrepreneurship to Develop Ecotourism. Procedia Economics and Finance, 4(October), 398-405.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(12)00354-1 [DOI:10.1016/s2212-5671(12)00354-1]
72. Snyman, S. (2014). Assessment of the main factors impacting community members' attitudes towards tourism and protected areas in six southern African countries. Koedoe, 56(2). [DOI:10.4102/koedoe.v56i2.1139]
73. Snyman, S. (2017). The role of private sector ecotourism in local socio-economic development in southern Africa. Journal of Ecotourism, 16(3), 247-268. [DOI:10.1080/14724049.2016.1226318]
74. Sobhani, P., Esmaeilzadeh, H., Sadeghi, S. M. M., Wolf, I. D., & Deljouei, A. (2022). Relationship Analysis of Local Community Participation in Sustainable Ecotourism Development in Protected Areas, Iran. Land, 11(10). [DOI:10.3390/land11101871]
75. Souza, L. H., Kastenholz, E., Barbosa, M. de L. A., & Carvalho, M. S. e. S. C. (2020). Tourist experience, perceived authenticity, place attachment and loyalty when staying in a peer-to-peer accommodation. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 6(1), 27-52. [DOI:10.1108/IJTC-03-2019-0042]
76. Steele, P. (1995). Ecotourism: An economic analysis. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 3(1), 29-44. [DOI:10.1080/09669589509510706]
77. Stojanović, V., Milić, D., Obradović, S., Vanovac, J., & Radišić, D. (2021). THE ROLE OF ECOTOURISM IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT: THE CASE OF THE ZASAVICA SPECIAL NATURE RESERVE, SERBIA . Acta Geographica Slovenica, 61(2), 171-186. [DOI:10.3986/AGS.9411]
78. Stone, M. (1976). Cross-Validatory Choice and Assessment of Statistical Predictions (With Discussion). Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 38(1), 102-102. [DOI:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1976.tb01573.x]
79. Taber, K. S. (2018). The Use of Cronbach's Alpha When Developing and Reporting Research Instruments in Science Education. Research in Science Education, 48(6), 1273-1296. [DOI:10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2]
80. Tella, A., Tella, A., Adigun, G. O., Odunola, O., & Stella, N. (2017). Library and Information Services Targeting Poverty Alleviation for Sustainable Human Development. Mousaion, 35(1), 28-45. [DOI:10.25159/0027-2639/1979]
81. Tenenhaus, M., Vinzi, V. E., Chatelin, Y. M., & Lauro, C. (2005). PLS path modeling. Computational Statistics and Data Analysis, 48(1), 159-205. [DOI:10.1016/j.csda.2004.03.005]
82. TIES. (2006). TIES Global Ecotourism Fact Sheet. Society, September. www.ecotourism.org
83. Upadhaya, S., Tiwari, S., Poudyal, B., Chhetri, S. G., & Dhungana, N. (2022a). Local people's perception of the impacts and importance of ecotourism in Central Nepal. Plos One, 17(5 May), 1-15. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0268637] [PMID] []
84. Upadhaya, S., Tiwari, S., Poudyal, B., Chhetri, S. G., & Dhungana, N. (2022b). Local people's perception of the impacts and importance of ecotourism in Central Nepal. PLoS ONE, 17(5 May). [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0268637] [PMID] []
85. Wang, C. C., Yang, Y. S., Wen, P., & Jing, H. (2017). A review of ecotourism impacts on livelihoods of indigenous community in foreign countries. Shengtai Xuebao, 37(16), 5556-5564. [DOI:10.5846/stxb201605200977]
86. Wang, Z. (2020). The Protection and Inheritance of the Village Culture with Chinese Minorities' Characteristics From the Perspective of Cultural Ecology*. 416(Iccese), 501-504. [DOI:10.2991/assehr.k.200316.111]
87. Weaver, D. B. (2001). The Encyclopedia of Ecotourism. In CAB International. CABI. [DOI:10.4324/9781315439808-7] [PMID]
88. Wishitemi, B. E. L., Momanyi, S. O., Ombati, B. G., & Okello, M. M. (2015a). The link between poverty, environment and ecotourism development in areas adjacent to Maasai Mara and Amboseli protected areas, Kenya. Tourism Management Perspectives, 16, 306-317. [DOI:10.1016/j.tmp.2015.07.003]
89. Wishitemi, B. E. L., Momanyi, S. O., Ombati, B. G., & Okello, M. M. (2015b). The link between poverty, environment and ecotourism development in areas adjacent to Maasai Mara and Amboseli protected areas, Kenya. Tourism Management Perspectives, 16(June 2018), 306-317. [DOI:10.1016/j.tmp.2015.07.003]
90. Wondirad, A., Tolkach, D., & King, B. (2020). NGOs in ecotourism: patrons of sustainability or neo-colonial agents? Evidence from Africa. Tourism Recreation Research, 45(2), 144-160. [DOI:10.1080/02508281.2019.1675269]
91. Yanes, A., Zielinski, S., Cano, M. D., & Kim, S. Il. (2019). Community-based tourism in developing countries: A framework for policy evaluation. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(9), 1-23. [DOI:10.3390/su11092506]
92. Yeoman, I. (2013). A futurist's thoughts on consumer trends shaping future festivals and events. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 4(3), 249-260. [DOI:10.1108/IJEFM-06-2013-0017]
93. Zacarias, D. A. (2017). Ecotourism's Promise and Peril. Ecotourism's Promise and Peril, January 2018. [DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-58331-0]
94. Zacarias, D., & Loyola, R. (2017). How Ecotourism Affects Human Communities. In Ecotourism's Promise and Peril (Issue August, pp. 133-151). Springer International Publishing. [DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-58331-0_9]
ارسال پیام به نویسنده مسئول
| بازنشر اطلاعات | |
 |
این مقاله تحت شرایط Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License قابل بازنشر است. |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons — Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)