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Quantification of mass wasting volume associated with the giant landslide Maleh Kabood induced by the 2017 Kermanshah earthquake from InSAR
Abolghasem Goorabi,
Volume 21, Issue 60 (3-2021)
Abstract
Radar sensors obtain regular and frequent radar images from which ground motion can be precisely detected using a variety of different techniques. The interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) is utilized to retrieve the spatial characteristics of the largest coseismic landslide Maleh-Kabood, induced by the Ms 7.3 Azgleh earthquake in Kermanshah Province, Iran. The available seven interferometric pairs with good coherence selected from the Sentinel 1, 2 imagery data covering the NW-Zagros mountainous area are used in the study. The post-seismic topographic change relative to the pre-seismic over the landslide area is spatially mapped from the persistent scatterer network adjustment solution. The quantitative estimation of local elevation change, mass sliding volume and deposit thickness associated with the landslide is conducted. The spatial pattern of mass movement suggests that the giant landslide is characterized by a major sliding length of 3570 m along the NW–SE directions with an extension width of 1500-2300 m along the Maleh-Kabood and Ghoch-Bashi gully respectively, and a peak height change of 20 m in the vertical direction neat mountain ridge. The affected area of landslide mass movement reaches 6.0 km2 (577 Hectares) with the volume up to 500 million m3. Comparative studies indicated that the Maleh-Kabood landslide is the largest landslide in Iran over the past few centuries. The study also demonstrates the potential of InSAR technique as an alternative to allow the quantitative measurement of mass wasting volume associated with earthquake-induced giant landslides.
 
Investigating the Land Subsidence Rate in Tous, Mashhad Plain, Using the DInSAR Technique
Roghayeh Delaram, Samad Fotohi, Mohsen Hamidianpoor, Morteza Salari,
Volume 24, Issue 72 (3-2024)
Abstract
The subsidence phenomenon is considered one of the most frequent hazards occurring worldwide and imposing irreparable damages every year. This phenomenon affects the ground’s surface and its layers and causes the ground deformation. It can be referred to as a morphological phenomenon that is associated with the gradual sinking of the ground and the vertical movement of materials. Among the various methods used to study the land subsidence pattern, the Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR) technique has provided more accurate results. Therefore, this technique was used to investigate the subsidence rate in Mashhad plain from 2003 to 2010 and the Envisat ASAR (C-band) and Sentinel-1 ASAR (C-band) satellite images were employed during the year 2019. The results show that the highest subsidence rate of about 44 cm occurred in Qasem Abad and Kalateh-ye Barfi lands from 2008 to 2010. A subsidence rate of about 37 cm was also observed in the same area from 2007 to 2009. The interpolation results using piezometer well statistics show a decrease in groundwater levels in this area and confirm the accuracy of the results.

Analyzing the geomorphometric changes of Dana County due to the Sisakhat earthquake using the Differential Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (D-InSAR) method.
Sayyd Morovat Eftekhari,
Volume 24, Issue 74 (9-2024)
Abstract
One of the consequences of the earthquake can be changes in the elevation levels of the unevenness in the area of occurrence. These changes at the level of the region will not be the same and the amount will be different under the influence of several factors such as: earthquake intensity, landforms, geo-material, and structure geological... The purpose of this research is to measure the geomorphometric changes caused by the earthquake of 17th February 2021 at the level of Dana County using the radar technique differential SAR Interferometry. To achieve this goal, taking into account the appropriate coverage and measurement accuracy of the Sentinel 1 radar satellite images from two image scenes related to the earthquake area for the dates before (2021.02.08) and after the earthquake (2021.02.20) from the organization's website. European Space Agency (ESA) was received, after performing the process and data analysis Differential Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (D-InSAR), it was found that after the earthquake dated 2021,02,17, a part of the studied area was affected by positive elevation changes with a rise of 0.11 cm and Negative changes of -0.6 cm subsidence have been encountered. These positive changes (uplift) are more noticeable near the epicenter of the earthquake in the east of Dena, and the negative changes (subsidence) are quite evident with the Syncline Valley on which Khorasan Rivers is located. And in dealing with the faults, changing the geological structure, geo-material of the region, it has a special irregularity.
The Relationship between Land Subsidence and Water Use in Yazd-Ardakan Plain Using Sentinel-1 Images
Mohammadreza Goodarzi, Maryam Sabaghzadeh, Amirreza Rajabpour Niknam,
Volume 25, Issue 76 (3-2025)
Abstract
In arid and semi-arid regions, groundwater is more important for humans and ecosystems than surface water. Land subsidence is caused by the pumping and uncontrolled use of groundwater in an area. When the extracted quantities are not replenished by rainfall, it leads to damages such as road failures, destruction of residential areas, railways, as well as water and gas pipelines. The Yazd-Ardakan plain is one of the main plains in Yazd province, hosting 75% of the province's population density and most industrial centers. Additionally, this plain has been subjected to a ban by the Ministry of Energy due to a sharp decline in groundwater levels. This study aimed to quantify and compare the extent of subsidence using four Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images of the C-band from the Sentinel-1 satellite and the radar differential interferometry method from 2017 to 2021. The maximum subsidence recorded in 2017 was 13 cm, while in 2020 and 2021, it decreased to 9 cm, primarily concentrated in the Shamsi region between Meybod and Ardakan. Furthermore, to validate the satellite-derived results, they were compared with those obtained through accurate leveling methods conducted by the Iran National Cartographic Center. The study revealed that Sentinel images exhibit a strong capability to estimate the extent of subsidence. Considering the examination of groundwater consumption and depletion statistics in recent years, potential reasons for the reduction in subsidence in the study area could be attributed to management measures such as water transfer to this basin, alterations in agricultural practices, and a decrease in groundwater depletion compared to previous years in this region.

Subsidence of Critical Prohibited Well Drilling Plains (Study Area: Eshtehard Plain)
Miss Rana Norouzi, Mr Sayyd Morovat Eftekhari, Mr Ali Ahmadabadi, Miss Khadijeh Alinoori,
Volume 25, Issue 78 (9-2025)
Abstract
In recent decades, land subsidence has emerged as a significant geomorphological hazard and environmental crisis, resulting in extensive and often irreversible damage to the plains of Iran. The primary driver of this phenomenon is the ongoing water crisis. The Eshtehard Plain, a vital industrial and agricultural hub in Alborz Province, has been classified as a critical prohibited zone by the Ministry of Energy due to the severe decline in groundwater levels. Consequently, assessing the rate of subsidence and identifying its causes and influencing factors are essential for effective risk management. This study employed the Differential Radar Interferometry (D-InSAR) technique to analyze subsidence in the Eshtehard Plain, utilizing data from the Sentinel-1A satellite spanning the years 2017 to 2023. During this period, subsidence in the region ranged from -2.08 cm to -2.93 cm. The highest subsidence rate, approximately -2.93 cm, occurred between 2019 and 2020, while the lowest, approximately -2.08 cm, was observed between 2022 and 2023. Notably, subsidence rates exhibited an increasing trend from east to west and in the southern expanse of the plain. The maximum subsidence observed throughout all study periods was concentrated in the Eshtehard aquifer area, which encompasses a significant portion of farmland, villages, the city of Eshtehard, industrial towns (Kosar, Omid, and Eshtehard), agricultural lands, and the highest density of groundwater extraction wells. Hydrographic analysis and interpolation of piezometric well data further revealed a consistent decline in groundwater levels and an increase in water table depth in this area. Moreover, the correlation between land subsidence and changes in groundwater depth was statistically significant at the 95% confidence level, indicating that subsidence intensifies as groundwater levels decrease. The subsidence change profiles suggest a complex subsidence pattern within the study area, influenced by a combination of factors, including human activities (such as the intensity and type of land use, as well as excessive groundwater extraction), environmental conditions, geological characteristics (e.g., sediment composition, aquifer thickness, and bedrock position), and the rates of aquifer recharge and discharge. These findings underscore the urgent need for sustainable groundwater management and mitigation strategies to address the escalating subsidence crisis in the Eshtehard Plain.

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