تحقیقات کاربردی علوم جغرافیایی

تحقیقات کاربردی علوم جغرافیایی

تبیین مولفه های تاب آوری شهری در برابر مخاطرات طبیعی با تاکید بر سیلاب (مطالعه موردی: شهر بهشهر)

نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، واحد نور، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ایران
2 دانشیار گروه جغرافیا، واحد نور، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، نور، ایران
3 استادیار گروه جغرافیا، واحد نور، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، نور، ایران
چکیده
حوادث طبیعی که جزیی از فرآیند زندگی بشر به شمار می رود و هر روزه بر تعداد و تنوع آنها افزوده می شود، به عنوان چالشی اساسی در جهت نیل به توسعه پایدار جوامع انسانی مطرح می باشند. از این رو در حال حاضر دیدگاه غالب از تمرکز بر روی صرفاً کاهش آسیب پذیری به افزایش تاب آوری در مقابل سوانح تغییر پیدا کرده است. هدف از پژوهش حاضر تبیین مولفه های تاب آوری شهری در برابر مخاطرات طبیعی با تاکید بر سیلاب در بهشهر می باشد. روش تحقیق در این پژوهش توصیفی – تحلیلی بوده و برای جمع آوری اطلاعات علاوه بر اسناد و مطالعات کتابخانه ای، از ابزار پرسشنامه استفاده شده است. جامعه آماری پژوهش حاضر شامل دو گروه شهروندان ساکن در محلات پیرامون چهار رودخانه شهر بهشهر می‌باشد که بر اساس فرمول کوکران حجم نمونه 182 نفر تعیین‌شده و کارشناسان دستگاه‌های اجرایی بر اساس کوچک بودن جامعه 93 نفر تعیین‌ شده است. پس از جمع آوری اطلاعات میدانی که با استفاده از ابزار پرسشنامه تکمیل شده، از نرم­افزارهای SPSS، MINITAB و PLS و با بهره گیری از روش های تصمیم گیری چند معیاره (SAW) اقدام به بررسی وضعیت و تبیین مولفه های تاب آوری شهری در برابر مخاطرات طبیعی چون سیل شده و همچنین از نرم­افزار GIS برای پهنه­بندی مناطق بر اساس تاب آوری در برابر سیلاب استفاده گردید. نتایج نشان داده است که از میان ابعاد تاب آوری، بعد اقتصادی دارای بیشترین وزن و در رتبه اول قرار گرفته و بعد کالبدی، زیرساختی و محیطی دارای کمترین وزن و در رتبه آخر واقع‌شده است. محلات پیرامون رودخانه های شهر بهشهر براساس وضعیت تاب آوری در برابر سیلاب رتبه‌بندی شده­اند که نشان داده است محله شاهد در رتبه اول و محله برزو در رتبه آخر قرار گرفته است.
کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله English

Explain the components of urban resilience against natural hazards with emphasis on floods (Case study: Behshahr city)

نویسندگان English

Abdolali Torabi 1
Sadroddin Motavlli 2
Gholamreza Janbaz Ghobadi 3
1 PhD student in Geography and Urban Planning, Noor Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Geography, Noor Branch, Islamic Azad University, Noor, Iran
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, Noor Branch, Islamic Azad University, Noor, Iran
چکیده English

Natural disasters, which are part of the process of human life and their number and diversity are increasing every day, are a major challenge to achieve sustainable development of human societies. Hence, the prevailing view of focusing solely on reducing vulnerability to increasing resilience to disasters has shifted. The purpose of this study is to explain the components of urban resilience against natural hazards with emphasis on floods in Behshahr. The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical and in addition to documents and library studies, a questionnaire was used to collect information. The statistical population of the present study includes two groups of citizens living in the neighborhoods around the four rivers of Behshahr. After collecting field information that was completed using a questionnaire tool, from SPSS, MINITAB and PLS software and using multi-criteria decision making (SAW) methods to investigate the situation and explain the components of urban resilience in Against natural hazards such as floods and GIS software was used to zoning areas based on flood resilience. The results show that among the dimensions of resilience, the economic dimension has the highest weight and is in the first place and the physical, infrastructure and environmental dimension has the lowest weight and is in the last place. Neighborhoods around the rivers of Behshahr city are ranked based on flood resistance status, which shows that Shahed neighborhood is in the first place and Borzoo neighborhood is in the last place.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Resilience components
Natural hazards
Flood
Behshahr city
Alberti, M. Marzluff, J. Shulenberger, G. Bradley, C. & Zumbrunnen. (2003), Integration Humans into Ecology: Opportunities and Challenges for Studying Urban Ecosystems. Bio Science, 169-179.
Al-Nammari, F. and Alzaghal, M. (2014), Towards local disaster risk reduction in developing countries: Challenges from Jordan”, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, PP.1-8.
Balbo, A. (2012), Resilient Cities 2012: Congress Report. Global Forum on Urban Resilience and Adaptation, 3, Local Governments for Sustainability (ICLEI).
Beatley, T. and P. Newman (2013), “Biophilic Cities Are Sustainable, Resilient Cities.” Sustainability 8(5): p.332-338.
Beccari, B. (2016), A Comparative Analysis of Disaster Risk, Vulnerability and Resilience Composite Indicators. PLOS Currents Disasters.
Bertilsson, L. & Wiklund, K. & de Moura Tebaldi, I. & Rezende, O.M. & Veról, A.P. & Miguez, M.G., (2018) Urban flood resilience – a multi-criteria index to integrate flood resilience into urban planning, Journal of Hydrology, Vol.573, No.76, pp.970-982.
Birkmann, J (2006), Indicators and Criteria, In Measuring Vulnerability to Natural Hazards: Towards Disaster Resilient Societies, edited by J. Birkmann, United Nations University Press, Tokyo.
Boxer, P. & Sloan-Power, E. (2013), Coping with Violence a Comprehensive Framework and Implications for Understanding Resilience. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 14, 209-221. Retrieved from: http://tva.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/05/06/1524838013487806.abstract
Boyd, E., & Folke, C., Eds. (2012). Adapting institutions: Governance, complexity and social-ecological resilience. New York: Cambridge University Press. https://books.google.com/books?id=5r-r9ptA6QwC&dq.
British Columbia Ministry of Water, Land & Air protection. (2012), Stormwater planning – A Guidebook for British Columbia; BC MWLAP, Vanquver, Canada, P. 94.
Brown, K. (2014), “Global environmental change I: A social turn for resilience?” Progress in Human Geography 1(38): pp107-117.
Brown Katrina, (2016), Resilience, Development and Global Change,Routledge, Taylor&francis group London&new york
Bruneau, M., S. E. Chang, R. T. Eguchi, G. C. Lee, T. D. O’Rourke, A. M. Reinhorn, M. Shinozuka, K. T. Tierney, W. A. Wallace, and D. von Winterfeldt (2003), A framework to quantitatively assess and enhance the seismic resilience of communities, Earthquake Spectra, 733752 : Vol. 19, No 4. 733-752
Carpenter, S. R., Arrow, K. J., Barrett, S., Biggs, R., Brock, W. A., Crepin, A. S., Engstrom, G., Folke, C., Hughes, T. P. Kautsky, N. (2012), General resilience to cope with extreme events. Sustainability, 4, 3248-3259. Retrieved from: http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/4/12/3248/htm
CED (2000), The Community Resilience Manual: A Resource for Rural Recovery and Renewal, ISBN: 1-895818-40-0, The Center for Community Enterprise, British Columbia, Canada.
Chelleri, L. & Olazabal, M. (2012), Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Urban Resilience. Spain: Basque Centerfor Climate Change.
Chelleri, L. (2015). “From the Resilint City to Urban Resilince. A review essay on understanding and integrating the resilience prespective for urban systems”, Documents d Analisi Geografia,2012,Volume.58/2: 287-306.
CSIRO Australia, Arizona State University, Stockholm University( 2007), A Resilience Alliance Initiative for Transitioning Urban Systems towards Sustainable Futures, http://www.resallianc.org.
Cutter, Susan L., Lindsey Barnes, Melissa Berry, Christopher Burton, Elijah Evans, Eric Tate, and Jennifer Webb(2008a), Community and Regional Resilience: Perspectives from Hazards, Disasters, and Emergency Management, CARRI Research Report1.
Cutter, S. L., Barnes, L., Berry, M., Burton, C., Evans, E., Tate, E., Webb, J.(2010), A place-based model for understanding community resilience to natural disasters, Global Environmental Change, 18, 598-606.
Dhar, T. K. and L. Khirfan (2017). “A multi-scale and multi-dimensional framework for enhancing the resilience of urban form to climate change.” Urban Climate 19: p 72-91
Desouza, Kevin C, H. Flanery, Trevor (2013), Designing, planning, and managing resilient cities: A conceptual framework, Cities 35, pp. 89–99.
Emergency Management Australia (EMA) (2001), Assessing resiliency and vulnerability: principles, strategies and actions, Philip Buckle, Graham Marsh and Sydney Smale.
Feliciotti, A. Romice, O. & Porta, S. (2016), Design for change: five proxies for resilience in the urban form. Open House International, 41(4): 23-30.
Foster, H.D (1997), The Ozymandias principles: Thirty-one strategies for surviving change, UBC Press, Victoria, Canada.
Frazier, A. E., Renschler, C. S. Miles, S. B. (2013), Evaluating post-disaster ecosystem resilience using MODIS GPP data. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geo information, 21, 43-52. Retrieved from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0303243412001778
Garcia. A, (2013), The Application of Ecological Resilience to Urban Landscapes. A thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy: Victoria University of Wellington.
Garschagen, M., Renaud, F. G. Birkmann, J. (2011), Dynamic resilience of peri-urban agriculturalists in the Mekong Delta under pressures of socio-economic transformation and climate change. Environmental change and agricultural sustainability in the Mekong Delta. Springer. vol 45, Advance in global change research. Springer, Dordrecht, 141-163.Retrieved from: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-007-0934-8_9
Godschalk, David R (2003), Urban Hazard Mitigation: Creating Resilient Cities, Natural Hazards Review, Vol. 4, No. 3: 136-143.
Greeshma, p. & Manoj, Kumar K. (2016) Disaster Resilience in Vulnerable cities through Neighbourhood Development: A case of Chennai, Procedia Technology Vol.24, No.24, pp.1827 – 1834.
Gross, Jill Simone (2008), Sustainability versus Resilience: What is the global urban future and can we plan for change?, Comparative Urban Studies, Project Woodrow Wilson nternational Center for Scholars and the Fetzer Institute.
Harody, J. Ruete, R. (2013), Incorporating Climate Change Adaptation into Planning for a Livable City in Rosario; Argentina. Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 25, No. 2, 339- 360.
Harrison, Philip. Kerry Bobbins, Christina Culwick, Tracy-Lynn Humby Costanza La Mantia, Alison Todes & Dylan Weakley. (2014), Urban resilience thinking for municipalities, University of the Witwatersrand, P. 6.
Henestra, D., Kovacs, P., McBean, G. and Sweeting, R (2004), Background Paper on Disaster Resilient Cities, Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction, Toronto.
Hodson, M. & Marvin, S. (2012), Mediating Low-Carbon Urban Transitions? Forms of Organization, Knowledge and Action. European Planning Studies, 20(3): 421–439.
Holling, C., (1973) “Resilience and stability of ecological systems”, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 4, pp. 1–23.
Johnson, C. and S. Blackburn (2012), Making Cities Resilient Report 2012. My city is getting ready! A global snapshot of how local governments reduce disaster risk. the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction United Nation Office for Risk Reduction: pp 1-114
Karrholm, Mattias. Nylund, Katarina. Prieto de la Fuente, Paulina (2014), Spatial resilience and urban planning: Addressing the interdependence of urban retail areas, In: Cities. In press. Retrieved from://dx.doi.org.ezp.sub.su.se/10.1016/j.cities, pp. 121-130.
Klein RJT, Nicholls RJ, Thomalla FT (2003), Resilience to natural hazards: how useful is this concept? Environ Hazards 5:35–45. doi: 10.1016/j.hazards.2004.02.001.
Leeuw, Van der., S.E. and Leygonie, C.A. (2010), A long term perspective on resilience in socio natural systems. Paper presented at the workshop on System shocks-system resilience, Sweden, Abisko, PP. 22-26.
Lee, G.; Choi, J. and Jun, K. S. (2017). MCDM approach for identifying urban flood vulnerability under social environment and climate change, Journal of Coastal Research, 79(sp1): 209-213.
Leon, J., and March, A. (2014), Urban Morphology as a Tool for Supporting Tsunami Rapid Resilience: A Case Study of Talcahuano, Chile, Habitaa International, No. 43, PP. 250–262.
Long staff, P. H., Armstrong, N. J., Perrin, K., Parker, W. M., Hidek, M. A. (2010), Building resilient communities: a preliminary framework for assessment, Homeland security affairs, Volume VI, NO. 3.
Lu, Peiwen. Stead, Dominic (2013) Understanding the notion of resilience in spatial planning: A case study of Rotterdam, The Netherlands, CITES, pp. 200–212.
Marom, W. A. (2014), Mapping and Measuring Social Vulnerabilities of Coastal areas of Bangkok and Periphery. Proceedings of the Resilient Cities 2014 congress. Bonn. Germany, PP. 29-31. http:// resilient-cities.iclei.org/.
Marshall, N. A., Tobin, R. C., Marshall, P. A., Gooch, M. & Hobday, A. J. (2013), Social vulnerability of marine resource users to extreme weather events. Ecosystems, 16, 797-809.
Matyas, D. and M. Pelling (2015). “Positioning resilience for 2015: the role of resistance, incremental adjustment and transformation in disaster risk management policy.” Disasters 39(s1): pp.1-18
Mayunga, Joseph S (2007), Understanding and applying the concept of community disaster resilience: A Capital - Base approach, a draft working paper prepared for the summer academy for social vulnerability are resilience building, Munich, Germany.
Meerow, S., Newell, J. P., & Stults, M. (2016), Defining urban resilience: A review. Landscape and Urban Planning, No. 147, PP. 38-49. Retrieved from: www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204615002418.
National Academy (2012), Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative, Committee on Increasing National Resilience to Hazards and Disasters, Washington D.C.